The Journal of Comprehensive Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Higher Institute of Sciences and Technology – Raqdaleen, Libya, since 2012. The journal focuses on publishing academic research in various humanities and applied disciplines, and it is issued semi-annually (in June and December) in three languages: Arabic, English, and French. The journal holds the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 3104-6266, and it has an official publication license and a legal deposit number. It also publishes special issues for scientific conferences, and its research undergoes rigorous scientific review.
الإدارة العامة للمطبوعات والمصنفات الفنيةبوزارة الثقافة والمجتمع المدني
طرق تحسين الحل العددي لمسائل القيم الحدية غير الخطية باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي
مسائل القيم الحدية غير الخطية هي مسائل في الرياضيات تتكون من معادلات تفاضلية غير خطية لا تتناسب خطياً مع مشتقاتها أو دوالها بالإضافة إلى شروط حدية تحدد سلوك الحل عند حدود نطاق المشكلة. تتضمن الطرق التقليدية لحل المعادلات غير الخطية الطرق البيانية و طرق التحليل العددي مثل طريقة اويلر و طريقة Runge-Kutta تعتمد الطرق البيانية على رسم المعادلات وتحديد نقاط تقاطعها، بينما تعتمد الطرق العددية على إجراء عمليات تكرارية للاقتراب من الحلول الدقيقة. تواجه مسائل القيم الحدية غير الخطية تحديات كبيرة عند حلها عددياً، بسبب عدم استقرارية الطرق التقليدية، وتعدد الحلول الممكنة، والحاجة إلى دقة حسابية عالية. يمثل الذكاء الاصطناعي بديلاً واعداً لتطوير أو تسريع الحلول العددية. من خلال عدد من الطرق لتطوير خاصية التنبؤ بالمخرجات إستنادا على كم من البيانات كمدخلات، يتم معالجتها حسب أنماط رياضية ومنطقية تم إستخلاصها من عمليات تعلم الآلة وعمليات تعلم عميق مسبقة، أدت إلى تشكيل ما يعرف بالشبكات العصبية؛ وهي نماذج رياضية تحاكي عمل العصبونات في الجهاز العصبي المركزي للإنسان. تهدف هذه الورقة إلى مقارنة طرق الحل التقليدية لمسائل القيم الحدية غير الخطية مع التركيز على طريقة الفروق المحددة مع حلول تعتمد على الشبكات العصبية الصناعية، وبشكل خاص شبكات عصبية تتعامل مع الشروط الحدية كما تقدم دراسة حالة تقارن بين أداء الحلول التقليدية والحلول المعتمدة على الذكاء الاصطناعي. يتم تطبيق المنهجية المقترحة على مسألة نموذجية من الرتبة الثانية، ومقارنة النتائج من حيث الدقة والاستقرار العددي.
المعادلة التفاضلية اللاخطية, الحل العددي, طريقة الفروق المحددة, الذكاء الاصطناعي, الشبكات العصبية, مسائل القيم الحدية
Copyright (c) 2025 Comprehensive Journal of Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
أثر بعض العوامل الطبيعية والبشرية على الزراعة بمنطقة أسلنطة
تعتبر الزراعة إحدى الدعائم الأساسية للنشاط الاقتصادي الوطني فهي المصدر الوحيد لتمويل الإنسان بكثير من السلع التي أساس ( غذاء ومعيشة ) ولها الدور في تنمية النشاط الاقتصادي بوجه عام "1". وإن الزراعة في أول وأبسط أشكالها البدائية ظهرت كنشاط بشري في أكثر من إقليم من أقاليم العالم خلال فترات زمنية متلازمة ومتتالية دون انتشارها كشكل حضاري من إقليم بعينه إلى أقاليم أخرى ومن أهم مقومات الزراعة خصائص البيئة الطبيعية وخاصة ما يتعلق بعناصر المناخ وسمات التربات السائدة وملامح الحياة النباتية الطبيعية حيث، تعتبر الزراعة في الوطن العربي من أقدم الحرف التي عرفها الإنسان في العالم العربي وخاصة في وادي النيل الاردنيودلتاه وفي سهوله الدجلة والفرات حيث قامت أقدم الحضارات الإنسانية في التاريخ والتي اعتمدت أساسًا على الزراعة لتواجد مقوماتها وخاصة التربة في الخصبة والمياه الوفيرة والمناخ الملائم وتبلغ مساحة الأرض الزراعية في العالم العربي حوالي 50 مليون هكتار وهو ما يوازي 4.52% من جملة مساحة العالم العربي البالغة 106 مليون هكتار تقريبًا و كذلك لقطاع الزراعة أهمية في حياة المجتمع العربي الليبي والاقتصاد الوطني إذ يمثل مصدر أساسي لغذاء السكان ومجالا من مجالات استخدام القوى العاملة ولكن صعوبة ظروف البيئة الطبيعية المتمثلة في قسوة المناخ وشح المر أرد المائية - تعد أهم مشكلة تعرقل ممارسة النشاط الزراعي بالإضافة إلى محدودية حجم الأرض القابلة للزراعة ونوعية التربة فالمناخ والطبوغرافية يكونان بيئة قاسية لعماليات الإنتاج الزراعي انطلاقا من أن 89% من مساحة البلاد هي أرض صحراوية الأمر الذي لا يترك سوى نسبة أقل من توصف بالضئيلة كأرض صالحة للزراعة المتمثلة في منطقة الشريط الساحلي فقد أدت عمليات التوسع الزراعي واستصلاح الأراضي إلى زيادة الرقعة الزراعية فبينما كانت مساحة الأرض القابلة للزراعة في سنة 1974 حوالي 1.8 مليون هكتار بعلي و250 - 282 هكتار مرويًا وصلت في سنة 1984 إلى 2.6 مليون هكتار مرويًا. أن المساحة القابلة للزراعة قد زادة بنسبة 39.6% وقد نتجت هذه الزيادة من عمليات استصلاح الأراضي بإزالة الأحجار والأحراش والغابات وتسوية الأراض في المناطق التي يكون سطحها غير مستوي. أما مناطق الجبل الأخضر فتعتبر مناطق زراعة أشجار الفاكهة ومحاصيل الحبوب فالزراعة هنا في غالبها تأخذ طابعًا بعليًا. حيث تحرث الأرض وتبذر قبل سقوط الأمطار وأهم المحاصيل التي تزرع بعلية هي القمح والشعير ويعتمد نجاح الإنتاج على كمية معدل الأمطار ومدى انتظام سقوطه خلال فترة نمو المحاصيل. أما بالنسبة لمنطقة الدراسة فقد اعتمدنا على طريق الأسلوب الحقلي لدراسة النشاط الزراعي المنطقة اسلنطة والعوامل الجغرافية المؤثرة على هذا النشاط، حيث تم جمع البيانات بواسطة استبيان إضافة إلى مجموعة من الزيارات الميدانية للمنطقة والجهات الرسمية ذات العلاقة واشتملت الدراسة على مقدمة وأربعة فصول حيث يتضمن الفصل الأول الجانب النظري للدراسة حيث ناقش طبيعة الدراسة ومشكلة الدراسة والفروض والتساؤلات وأهداف الدراسة وأهمية الدراسة إضافة إلى منهجية الدراسة المعتمدة في الدراسة وتناول الفصل الفصل الثاني تحديد موقع منطقة الدراسة والعوامل الطبيعية ثم لمحة لمظاهر السطح والتربة للمنطقة وكذلك الأحوال المناجية السائدة في المنطقة والتعرف على الموارد المائية وكذلك الغطاء النباتي وعلاقتها بالزراعة في المنطقة أما الفصل الثالث فهو خصص للوصول إلى نتائج عملية دقيقة وبالتالي وضع مقترحات وحلول لها أما الفصل الرابع فيعرض مشاكل التي تواجه المزارعين وتضمن بداخله النتائج التي وصل إليها فريق الدراسة ثم الوصيات والمقترحات التي يرى الباحثون بأنها يمكن أن تساهم في تطور الواقع الحالي للمنطقة وتنميتها كما تضمن خاتمة وقائمة المراجع والمصادر والملاحق.
الإسعافات الأولية.. ثقافة ذاتية ترفع من الوعي الصحي في المدارس دراسة حالة (مدارس المرحلة الابتدائية منطقة النواحي الاربعة)
The study aims to identify primary school teachers' awareness of first aid in primary schools in the Al-Nawayah Al-Arba'a region. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, and a questionnaire was used as a research tool. After verifying its validity and reliability, it was applied to a sample of (208) male and female teachers. The study results showed that the average awareness scores of primary school teachers in the Al-Nawayah Al-Arba'a region schools were slightly above average. The results also revealed statistically significant differences between primary school teachers' awareness of first aid in these schools, attributable to gender, academic qualification, and experience, in favor of intermediate diploma qualifications and (11) years of experience or more.
حوادث المرور تحليلها ومسبباتها وآثارها دراسة حالة : منطقة النواحي الاربعة
This study aims to identify traffic accidents in the region of Al-Nawayah Al-Arba'a - Libya, relying on data and annual reports from the Traffic Statistics Office of the Four Regions Security Directorate. The study also used the descriptive analytical approach to interpret and analyze the data collected on the study topic, with the aim of identifying the causes of traffic accidents and their geographical distribution on the roads in the region. Among the most important results reached by the study is that the number of accidents in the study area amounted to approximately (813) traffic accidents, resulting in (246) deaths, (639) serious injuries, in addition to (349) minor injuries. The study also found that most accidents occurred on the main road, reaching (548) traffic accidents, representing (44.4%) of the total accidents in the study area. The age group (25-45) years is the largest age group affected by traffic accident injuries and the largest number of deaths due to accidents, with a total of (68) deaths, including (52) males and (15) females. The study recommended the need for regular road maintenance, the installation of traffic signs, and the implementation of traffic laws.
This study aims to examine the linguistic concepts in Ferdinand de Saussure's thought through what is mentioned in the book (Course in General Linguistics), which was published in 1916 after his death by his students. The importance of this study lies in clarifying Ferdinand de Saussure's philosophical linguistic concepts , as they are addressed in the study above through linguistic discourse in linguistic studies, which are rarely studied from a philosophical perspective. In this study, we relied on a descriptive and analytical approach in studying the thought of Ferdinand de Saussure, based on the book Lectures on General Linguistics, in addition to Arabic studies on the thought of Ferdinand de Saussure. The study reached several conclusions: 1- De Saussure distinguished between language, speech, and tongue in his study of linguistic structure. 2- Language is a social convention according to Saussure. 3- Language evolves historically over time. The study recommends more focus and immersion in the study of Ferdinand de Saussure's linguistic philosophy, especially after the emergence of new manuscripts written in his own handwriting.
Ferdinand de Saussure, language and speech, signifier and signified, synchronicity and diachronicity
دور السياسة النقدية كأداة لدعم وتطوير الاقتصاد الليبي (2025-2020) – دراسة حالة مصرف ليبيا المركزي وتأثيراتها القطاعية والإقليمية
يشهد الاقتصاد الليبي خلال العقدين الأخيرين تحولات جوهرية نتيجة لتداعيات الصراعات السياسية المتعاقبة، والانقسام المؤسسي، وتقلب أسعار النفط العالمية، التي تشكل المصدر الرئيسي للإيرادات الحكومية. فقد أظهرت بيانات البنك الدولي (2024) أن الناتج المحلي الإجمالي لليبيا شهد انخفاضًا حادًا خلال فترات النزاع، حيث تراجع من نحو 77 مليار دولار في 2010 إلى حوالي 39 مليار دولار في 2016، قبل أن يبدأ الاقتصاد في مرحلة التعافي البطيء بعد 2018. تُعد السياسة النقدية من أهم أدوات الدولة لتحقيق الاستقرار الاقتصادي، إذ تسهم في ضبط عرض النقود، معدلات التضخم، وسعر الصرف، بما يخلق بيئة مناسبة للنمو الاقتصادي والاستثمار. وقد أكدت دراسات عدة، مثل تقرير صندوق النقد الدولي (2024)، أن فاعلية السياسة النقدية تعتمد بشكل أساسي على قدرة المصارف المركزية على التحكم في السيولة، وضمان استقرار الأسعار، وتوفير التمويل للقطاعات الإنتاجية. في السياق الليبي، برز دور مصرف ليبيا المركزي كمؤسسة سيادية رئيسية تعمل على توجيه السياسات النقدية، بما يحقق التوازن بين الاستقرار الكلي واحتياجات الاقتصاد للنمو والتنمية المستدامة. فقد قام المصرف منذ 2020 باتخاذ إجراءات عدة، منها توحيد سعر الصرف، استخدام أدوات الاحتياطي الإلزامي، وإدارة السيولة، بهدف تقليل التضخم، وتحسين أداء النظام المصرفي، ودعم القطاعات الإنتاجية (مصرف ليبيا المركزي، 2023). كما تشير تقارير البنك الإفريقي للتنمية (2023) إلى أن السياسة النقدية الليبية لعبت دورًا محوريًا في الحد من المضاربات على العملات الأجنبية، وتحسين الثقة بالقطاع المصرفي، رغم التحديات المرتبطة بالانقسام المؤسسي وضعف التنوع الاقتصادي. وبالتالي، أصبح فهم العلاقة بين السياسة النقدية وأداء الاقتصاد الليبي أمرًا ضروريًا لتقييم مدى قدرة المصرف المركزي على دعم النمو وتحقيق التنمية المتوازنة في مختلف المناطق، لا سيما في ظل الاعتماد الكبير على عائدات النفط والتحديات الهيكلية في الاقتصاد الوطني ثانياً: مشكلة الدراسة تتمثل مشكلة الدراسة في محاولة الإجابة عن السؤال الرئيسي التالي هل تمارس السياسة النقدية التي يطبقها مصرف ليبيا المركزي ، دورها بشكل فعال في دعم وتطوير الاقتصاد الليبي خلال الفترة 2020–2025، من حيث تأثيرها على الأداء الكلي، نمو الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، التوظيف والاستثمار، وتحقيق التنمية المتوازنة بين المناطق المختلفة؟.
تأثير العلاج اليدوي مقابل العلاج بالتحفيز الكهربائي في تحسين الألم المزمن الناتج عن الانزلاق الغضروفي العنقي.
The study examined the effectiveness of manual therapy compared with electrical stimulation therapy in reducing chronic pain resulting from cervical disc herniation and improving cervical functional performance. The study relied on a review of previous literature and an analysis of peer-reviewed scientific studies, including clinical trials and systematic reviews published over the past ten years. The results showed that both treatment approaches were capable of reducing pain intensity and improving patients’ psychological status. However, manual therapy demonstrated a relative advantage in terms of faster therapeutic response, improved ability to perform daily activities, and restoration of cervical flexibility and range of motion. In contrast, electrical stimulation therapy contributed more significantly to relieving muscle spasms and improving blood circulation, but it did not achieve full functional recovery to the same extent as manual therapy. The study also indicated that combining manual therapy with electrical stimulation may represent an integrated therapeutic strategy for achieving the best possible outcomes in the management of chronic pain and enhancing patients’ quality of life. Accordingly, the study recommends the use of manual therapy as a primary option for non-surgical treatment, while utilizing electrical stimulation as an adjunct therapy. It further emphasizes the importance of integrating these approaches into routine treatment plans, training physical therapy specialists in their application, and conducting regular patient follow-up to ensure the sustainability of therapeutic benefits. Additionally, the study highlights the need to focus on patients’ psychological health and to develop future hybrid treatment protocols aimed at improving therapeutic outcomes.
1- Manual therapy 2- Electrical stimulation 3- Cervical disc herniation 4- Chronic pain 5- Cervical function
استخدام أدوات ضبط الجودة في مراقبة مياه الشرب: تحليل مؤشرات pH وTDS- حالة دراسية بمدينة صبراتة
This study aims to evaluate the drinking water quality in two areas of Sabratha (Al-Alalaqa) by analyzing samples from an industrial and a household desalination unit, focusing on two key indicators: pH and TDS, before and after desalination. The research problem arises from increasing challenges in ensuring the quality of drinking water due to the diversity of domestic and industrial water sources, the potential for physical and chemical contamination, and the limited use of modern statistical tools in monitoring water quality.Ninety samples were collected over 45 days according to Libyan and international standards. Results showed that pH values before desalination were close to neutrality, with a slight decrease afterward, while TDS levels significantly improved after desalination and met the permissible limits Quality control charts indicated that desalination operations were generally stable with some minor deviations. The study highlights the importance of integrating laboratory analysis with statistical quality tools to ensure safe water and reduce health risks. Continuous monitoring and technician training were recommended to enhance regulatory performance and achieve sustainable safe water delivery
تقيم مياه الشرب، خرائط مراقبة الجودة،التلوث الفيزيائي والكيميائي،المواصفة الدولية لمياه الشرب
القيادة التحويلية وأثرها على أداء الموارد البشرية دراسة ميدانية في مصرف شمال افريقيا - فرع صبراتة
This study aimed to determine the impact of transformational leadership, with its various dimensions, on human resource performance at the North Africa Bank – Sabratha Branch. The significance of the study lies in the urgent need to enhance the functional performance of human resources within a banking environment facing increasing challenges, including improving operational efficiency and the quality of banking services. The study relied on two primary methodologies: the descriptive approach to examine the theoretical concepts and practical realities of transformational leadership and human resource performance, and the analytical approach to process the field data. Data were collected from the study population, consisting of all bank employees (38 employees), using a questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose, and analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicated that the extent to which the requirements of transformational leadership were met was below the medium level from the perspective of the study population, with variations across its dimensions. The aspects related to inspiring enthusiasm, encouraging creativity, motivating individual initiatives, and fostering pride in organizational affiliation recorded the lowest levels of application. Furthermore, human resource performance was found to be below the required level, with low work enthusiasm, initiative, job satisfaction, and limited administrative support. Linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant positive effect of transformational leadership on human resource performance, supporting the main hypothesis of the study. Based on these findings, the study recommended the necessity of enhancing the motivational and inspirational practices of managerial leadership, improving human resource performance by increasing work enthusiasm and initiative, providing sufficient administrative support, designing specialized training programs for leaders to implement transformational leadership practices, regularly monitoring and evaluating performance, and promoting a culture of initiative and creativity among employees to ensure improved organizational performance.
Transformational Leadership, Human Resource Performance
تسوية الديون المترتبة عن تطبيق قانون رقم 1 لسنة 2013 بشأن منع التعامل بالفوائد الربوية.
As a result of the complete transformation of the Libyan banking system to work in accordance with the provisions of Islamic Sharia, rights and obligations resulted on banks for the period before the transformation process, which requires legal and economic treatments, as the Central Bank of Libya reports that the rate of profitability of banks in Libya has decreased as a result of the application of the law on the abolition of usurious interest, as the rate of return on assets in the banking sector in Libya witnessed a significant decline during the years (2014-2016). This study aims to identify and discuss the illegal financial obligations and rights that resulted from the transformation of the Libyan banking sector towards Islamic banking, and how to address them Shariah, through the perceptions of a group of experts and specialists in Sharia and finance on ways to address these rights and obligations and mitigate their potential negative effects on the financial performance of Libyan banks. The study found that the most important thing Libya needs now is a wise decision by the Central Bank of Libya to rearrange the transition by issuing appropriate laws that support the transition.
Financial rights resulting from the transformation process, financial obligations resulting from transformation, banking, Sharia processing, Islamic banking, Libya.
معوقات ادارة التغيير بمؤسسات التعليم الجامعي وسبل التغلب عليها
This current study aims to examine the obstacles to change management in higher education institutions and ways to overcome them amid the rapid transformations occurring in university education. It also reviews the components of change management, which include clarity of vision and goals, support from university leadership, active participation of human resources, availability of material and technological resources, and the development of an organizational culture that supports change. The study addresses the main obstacles to change management, including human-related obstacles such as resistance to change and lack of awareness of its importance, technological obstacles related to weak infrastructure and limited training, administrative obstacles such as centralization and organizational rigidity, and technical obstacles characterized by lack of expertise and weak information systems. The study recommends adopting effective strategies for change management that contribute to improving institutional performance and achieving quality in higher education, raising human resource awareness, fostering an organizational culture that encourages change, developing technological infrastructure, enhancing information system efficiency, promoting administrative flexibility, and improving performance- and change-related incentive systems.
Challenges of Change Management - Higher Education
دور الإعلام الرقمي في التوعية بمخاطر السباحة دراسة تحليلية لصفحة الإنقاذ البحري طلميثة على فيسبوك
This study aims to analyze the role of digital media in raising awareness of swimming-related risks by examining the content of the “Marine Rescue Tolmeitha” Facebook page during the summer of 2025. The findings revealed that the page placed greater emphasis on visual warning posts, which generated higher levels of audience engagement compared to informational news posts. The study concluded that digital media represents an effective tool for promoting maritime safety awareness when employed within a clear and well-defined communication strategy. It also recommended supporting digital initiatives and strengthening cooperation between rescue teams and media organizations.
الإعلام الرقمي، التوعية بمخاطر السباحة، الإنقاذ البحري، طلميثة، فيسبوك، دراسة تحليلية
The Effect of Some Toxic Anthropogenic Pollutants on Fish
In conclusion, the presence of ammonium nitrate in the aquatic environment can cause genetic and carcinogenic effects on fish, Therefore, it is necessary to take strict preventive measures and hold accountable and punish anyone who dares to harm the general environment, especially the marine environment, and try to educate all segments of humanity about the need to avoid dumping pollutants into the aquatic environment. The difference here is The difference between it and the terrestrial environment is that waste on land can be easily collected, cleaned, or disposed of, while in the marine environment it is extremely difficult to do so, whether through the human, material, or time-consuming efforts it requires the decline of forest areas, soil depletion, insufficient water resources, and the deterioration of fisheries are factors that threaten the quality of life and health of developing countries and make them more vulnerable to disasters, not to mention the organic pollution that occurs in fresh river water and all of it is inorganic and is not in the interest of the people living around these water sources, from which they live off their products for themselves and others, from various crops, whether plant or animal, therefore,i continue to repeat and reiterate that it is necessary to during scientific forums, we encourage the relevant decision-makers to put in place controls that would stop any reckless person who deliberately pollutes the environment, disregarding the interests of others in his community for the sake of his own interests and benefits personality, as well as individuals who dump their waste and filth into flowing rivers that carry everything deposited in them and distribute it to distant areas unaware of the toxins and dangers they contain for humans, the animal and plant worlds, and all living things.
Waste – Pollutants – Pesticides – Poisoning – Marine Environment – Freshwater
Trends in Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance Indicators in Libya (1998–2023): A National Epidemiological Analysis
Background: Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance represents a fundamental component of global poliomyelitis eradication strategies. In Libya, a nationwide AFP surveillance system has been operational for several decades, serving as a key mechanism for detecting poliovirus circulation and assessing surveillance performance indicators. Objective: This study aimed to analyze long-term trends in AFP reporting, Non-Polio AFP (NP-AFP) rates, Non-Polio Enterovirus (NPEV) detection, Sabin-like (SL) virus isolation, and the geographical distribution of AFP cases in Libya between 1998 and 2023. Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using national AFP surveillance data obtained from weekly epidemiological reports up to week 52 of 2023. Annual reporting trends, virological indicators, and regional case distributions were examined using descriptive statistical methods. Results: AFP reporting demonstrated a progressive increase over the study period, with pronounced peaks observed in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, and 2023. Benghazi, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, and Tripoli consistently reported the highest number of cases in recent years. The NP-AFP rate exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark of ≥2 per 100,000 children under 15 years throughout the study period, reaching its highest levels after 2018. NPEV detection peaked at 16% in 2013, while SL virus isolation showed notable peaks in 2003, 2005, 2009, 2018, and 2020. In 2023, a total of 115 AFP cases were reported, including 113 Libyan and 2 non-Libyan children. Conclusion: Libya maintains a high-quality AFP surveillance system with performance indicators consistently exceeding WHO standards. Continued investment in laboratory capacity and targeted surveillance strengthening in southern regions are essential to sustain polio-free status and enhance early enterovirus detection.
A Study of the Factors Affecting Real-Time Completion of Construction Projects in Al-Haraba City, Libya
Timely completion of construction projects remains a critical challenge in developing and post-conflict environments such as Libya, where persistent delays negatively affect project performance and economic development. This study investigates the factors affecting the real-time completion of construction projects in Al-Haraba city, Libya, based on stakeholder perceptions. A structured questionnaire survey was administered to construction professionals (n = 68), and the Relative Im-portance Index (RII) method was used to rank delay factors at both individual and group levels. The findings indicate that scheduling and control issues ranked highest (average RII = 0.7735), followed by financial constraints and change-related conditions, while stakeholder-specific differences were also observed. The results provide context-relevant evidence to support practical delay mitigation strategies and improve project delivery in the Libyan construction sector.
Construction delays; Project completion; Relative Importance Index (RII); Stakeholder perspectives; Libya
متطلبات الإدارة الإلكترونية وأثرها في تحسين جودة الخدمات التعليمية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس (دراسة ميدانية على كلية الاقتصاد بجامعة الزاوية)
This study aimed to identify the impact of e-management requirements (administrative, financial, security, technical, and human resources) on improving the quality of educational services from the perspective of faculty members at the University of Zawiya. To achieve the study's objectives and test its hypotheses, the researchers adopted a descriptive approach. The study included a simple random sample of (153) faculty members from the Faculty of Economics. Data was collected via a questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS statistical software package. The results showed a statistically significant positive impact of e-management requirements (administrative, financial, security, technical, and human resources) on the quality of educational services, reflecting the importance of these requirements in enhancing the effectiveness of the educational process. The study also emphasized the importance of administrative, technical, human resources, financial, and security requirements in improving the quality of educational services, revealing a strong relationship, according to the respondents' answers, indicating that e-management requirements have an impact on improving the quality of educational services. Based on these results, the study recommends The study emphasizes the need to enhance investment in technological infrastructure and provide continuous training for faculty members to ensure their ability to use electronic systems efficiently. It also recommends developing security policies to protect sensitive data and information, and encouraging participation and interaction among all stakeholders, including administration and students, to ensure maximum benefit from e-governance in higher education institutions. These steps are considered essential to ensure a sustainable improvement in the quality of educational services and enhance the learning experience in the Faculty of Economics and all other educational institutions.
Science is a civilizational phenomenon, and scientists in their various specializations have made great efforts to complete this phenomenon and benefit from it in scientific and practical life until science has become an effective contributor to the cognitive construction of man and the formation of his mind, and changing his reality, and it has become The history of science is the history of science and its interaction with empirical experiences or the indications of the senses. It is an original document between philosophy and science that confirms the inevitability of a close relationship between science and philosophy. We can understand this interest in the philosophical aspect of science by those with experience. Creative and imaginative minds, if we remember that fundamental changes in science have always been accompanied by a deeper exploration of philosophical foundations. All these considerations make it clear that anyone seeking an acceptable understanding of twentieth-century science must have a substantial grasp of philosophical thought. Hence, a study of the history of science and philosophical thought is essential to scientific and philosophical research. It inevitably reveals many connections between them, to the point of intimacy, as they both seek the truth. Therefore, the philosophy of science has become inseparable from the historical dimensions of the phenomenon of science, and has become deeply concerned with the history of science. The philosophical approach provides the theoretical foundations upon which scientific research relies and helps philosophers explore concepts such as truth, knowledge, and existence, guiding scientists in formulating their own ideas. Their hypotheses. Philosophy also encourages the asking of profound questions about the topics under investigation. These questions lead to new scientific explorations and expanded research. The philosophical approach enhances critical thinking, helping researchers better evaluate evidence and interpret results. This analysis is essential to ensure the reliability of results. Philosophy plays a role in the development of many scientific theories based on philosophical principles, which enhances Their hypotheses. Philosophy also encourages the asking of profound questions about the topics under investigation. These questions lead to new scientific explorations and expanded research. The philosophical approach enhances critical thinking, helping researchers better evaluate evidence and interpret results. This analysis is essential to ensure the reliability of results. Philosophy plays a role in the development of many scientific theories based on philosophical principles, which enhances From our understanding of natural phenomena. There is also an ongoing interaction between philosophy and scientific research. Philosophers are inspired by scientific discoveries, while philosophy helps direct scientific research toward new questions. The philosophical method and scientific research are closely linked, with each contributing to the enhancement of the other. Philosophy provides a theoretical framework that helps understand and explain Scientific data, while scientific research provides philosophy with material for analysis and criticism, and thus philosophy and the scientific methods it created throughout its long history were the basis for opening up the horizons of science with scientific knowledge, and thus knowledge was split until science itself began to produce philosophy.
منهج – علم – فلسفة – تفسير – صلة – فرضيات
أساليب الاتصال الإداري في المكتبات الجامعية ودورها في فاعلية الأداء دراسة حالة جامعة عمر المختار
The importance of administrative communication is highlighted by its role in enabling libraries to solve the problems they face and benefit from information services in academic institutions, particularly Omar Al-Mukhtar University, the subject of this research. This study aimed to identify communication methods and their relationship to employee performance. One of the most important foundations of success in any institution is the effectiveness of the services it provides to its users. This effectiveness depends on the quality of internal communication. When mutual understanding and cooperation are achieved through effective communication, it creates an interactive environment in the university library. The results of this study are expected to benefit libraries and those working in this field. The descriptive-analytical method was employed as one of the appropriate approaches for such topics. The impact of administrative communication in academic institutions extends beyond the mere exchange of ideas and information and the flow of data. It is a tool in the hands of leaders and managers to effectively utilize their subordinates, strengthen relationships among employees in different disciplines, and provide an entry point for deeper interaction (effective communication). It moves away from a dry and formal approach to ensure effectiveness and goal achievement. Communication represents one of the main determinants of administrative efficiency and increased effectiveness, and the difference between work and In a manner characterized by love of work, job satisfaction, enthusiasm for work, and cooperation in order to achieve its goals.
- Communication methods - Administrative contact - University libraries - Performance effectiveness - Library staff
Reserve Estimation Using Decline Curve Analysis for Block 74F-S Oil Field
This study employs DCA to estimate the remaining reserves of the SABAH oil field within concession 74F-S by using the Oil Field Manager (OFM) software 2019 version; provided by SENSIA-SLB. Specifically, our estimated reserves using OFM software predicted to be 26.069 (MMbbl) with (ARE %) equal to 0.27%, The obtained results for these wells reported as in following: Well 18/74F-S–remaining reserve estimation=2.274 MMbbl. Well 20/74F-S – remaining reserve estimation=2.171MMbbl. Well 31/74F-S – remaining reserve estimation = 0.270 MMbbl. Well 37/74F-S–remaining reserve estimation=0.074 MMbbl.Also, ARPS recovery factor’s correlation resulted a lower (ARE % = 2.23%) among the correlations used to calculate (RF); when compared to the (RF) provided by Zueitina Co. “49.31%”.
Decline Curve Analysis (DCA); Remaining Oil Reserves; Oil Field Manager (OFM); ARPS Model; Recovery Factor; Reservoir Performance; SABAH Oil Field
استهدفت هذه الدراسة تقييم بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية والميكروبية لمياه الشرب المعبأة داخل السوق الليبي، تم اختيار الشركات المنتجة للمياه بطرق عشوائية من الأسواق التجارية، حيث تم تجميع عدد 8 عينات من المياه المعبأة المحلية بسعة0.5 لتر ومن ثم مقارنة النتائج مع المواصـفة القياسـية الليبيـة ومواصفات منظمة الصحة العالمية WHO، وكانت النتائج تتراوح بالنسبة لأس الهيدروجيني PH(7.60-56.50) ولتركيز الأملاح الذائبة الكلية mg/l(117.70-56.60TDS ( والصوديومmg/l(7.50-27.64) البوتاسيوم(0.1-1.7) البيكربونات mg/l(4.60-23.44) والكلوريد mg/l (21.07-54.81) و النترات mg/l(1.3-3.75) و الكبريتات mg/l(2.12-30.00) والعسر الكلية تراوحت بين (2.30-72.89). mg/l ومن خلال دراسة نتائج هذه العينات تبين إن مياه الشرب المعبأة والمنتجة محليا عند مقارنتها بالمواصفات الليبية والعالمية في بعض المعايير الكيميائية المقاسة المتمثلة في تركيز الأملاح الذائبة الكلية اقل من الحد المنصوص عليه في المواصفات المذكورة وهي عدد 4 عينات من عينات الدراسة بينما كانت باقي العينات ضمن الحدود المسموح بها أما باقي التحليل كانت جيدة ماعدا العينة رقم (2) فكان الأس الهيدروجين اقل من الحد المسموح به.
المياه المعبأة- الأس الهيدروجيني - السوق الليبي - المواصفة القياسية الليبية لمياه الشرب
تحليل قانوني لموقف الدول المُنسحبه من المحكمة الجنائية الدولية في ضوء احكام القانون الدولي الجــنائي (حالـــة بوروندي والفـــلبين إنموذجــــا)
يتناول هذا البحث التحليل القانوني لموقف الدول التي قررت الإنسحاب من المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، في ضوء احكام القانون الدولي الـــجنائي، ويُركز على الإطار القانوني للإنسحاب وفقا لنظام الأساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية، ويستعرض المبررات السياسية والقانونية التي قدمتها بعض الدول كمبررات لهذا القرار، كما يُقيم مدى توافق هذه الإنسحابات مع الإلتزامات الدولية والآثار القانونية المترتبة على ذلك. يبدا البحث بإستعراض للنظام الاساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية، لا سيما المادة (127) ، التي تنظم إجراءات الانسحاب ، ثم ينتقل إلى دراسة حالات واقعية لدول أعلنت إنسحابها، مثل بوروندي ، والفلبين مع التركيز على دوافعهما المعلنة والظروف المحيطة التي أدت إلى الإنسحاب. كما يناقش البحث الأثر القانوني للإنسحاب ، لا سيما فيما يتعلق بالإختصاص الزمني للمحكمة بالنسبة للجرائم المرتكبه قبل سريان الإنسحاب، ويٌحلل مسؤولية الدول عن تعاونها مع المحكمة خلال فترة عضويتها. ويخلص البحث إلى أن الإنسحاب من المحكمة لا يعفي الدولة من الإلتزامات المترتبة على الجرائم التي وقعت خلال فترة عضويتها، كما يُبرز وجود إشكالية في تعارض الأهداف السياسية لبعض الدول مع مبادئ العدالة الدولية، مما يهدد فاعلية المحكمة ومصداقيتها.
المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، الانسحاب من المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، الجرائم الدولية، التعاون القضائي الدولي، إختصاص المحكمة ، المسائلة الدولية ، الإختصاص الزمني
دور التسويق السياحي في تعزيز الجذب السياحي للفنادق التاريخية بالمدينة القديمة طرابلس
تهدف الدراسة التعرف على تحليل الدور الاستراتيجي لممارسات التسويق السياحي في الرفع من كفاءة الجذب السياحي للفنادق التاريخية بالمدينة القديمة طرابلس وتحديد أثر هذه الممارسات في تشكيل التجربة السياحية التراثية"، وتحليل العلاقة بين ممارسات التسويق السياحي ومستوى الجذب السياحي للفنادق التاريخية، وقد تمثلت مشكلة الدراسة في التساؤل التالي: ما دور التسويق السياحي في تعزيز الجذب السياحي للفنادق التاريخية بالمدينة القديمة طرابلس؟ حيث أعتمد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها: أن الفنادق التاريخية تعتمد على استراتيجيات تسويقية واضحة وفعالة، تهدف في جوهرها إلى تعزيز الصورة الذهنية الإيجابية للمنطقة القديمة التي تقع فيها، كذلك تحرص هذه الفنادق على تحديث معلوماتها ووجودها الإلكتروني بشكل مستمر، مستخدمة في ذلك أساليب تسويق رقمية حديثة للترويج لخدماتها وجذب الضيوف، ومن خلال النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة فإن الدراسة توصي بضرورة على إدارة الفنادق التاريخية أن تواصل توظيف أدوات التسويق الرقمي الحديثة (مثل وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، والمواقع الإلكترونية التفاعلية، والتسويق عبر المحتوى القصصي) مع الحفاظ على طابعها التراثي، بما يعزز من تميّزها ويجذب شرائح متنوعة من السياح، خصوصاً المهتمين بالسياحة الثقافية.
التسويق السياحي، الجذب السياحي، الفنادق التاريخية
واقع التعليم الإلكتروني ودوره في جودة العملية التعليمية من وجهة نظر بعض أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكلية الآداب والعلوم _مسلاته
The aim of this study was to identify the reality of e-learning and its role in enhancing the quality of the educational process from the perspective of a number of faculty members at the College of Arts and Sciences, Misurata. The researcher employed the descriptive–correlational method to address the main research question: What is the current status of e-learning and its role in improving the educational process, based on the responses of selected faculty members to the designated questionnaire? The study sample consisted of 50 faculty members. The findings revealed that the level of e-learning use among the participants was moderate. The sample also indicated the presence of significant obstacles that substantially hinder the effective implementation of e-learning.
E-learning, Educational Process, Faculty Members.
مدى تأثر الوعي الاجتماعي بالتحديث الاجتماعي
This study, entitled "The Extent to Which Social Awareness is Affected by Social Modernization," aimed to determine the meaning of social awareness and the extent to which this awareness is affected by its surrounding environment, whether in terms of modernization or other social changes that occur in traditional societies. The research is of particular importance, namely, to determine the meaning of social awareness and the purpose of awareness, as well as to clarify the relationship between social awareness and the social modernization that any society undergoes. The research discusses the problem of being influenced by other concepts in sociology, including, but not limited to, social modernization, which has transformed traditional societies into modern societies, as seen in European modernization theories, and the transition of traditional societies into industrial societies. This is due to the influence of social awareness on what is happening around it in this environment. The researcher relied on the descriptive method and then the analytical method in order to highlight results that can be relied upon in the future. The researcher recommends the need to increase this type of research in order to know the extent to which social awareness is affected by its surrounding external and internal influences.
Awareness - Modernization - Social - Environment - Traditional - Civilized
أثر ساعات دوام العمل الرسمي على الرضا الوظيفي للمرأة العاملة (دراسة ميدانية علي شركة الاتصالات الدولية / طرابلس)
This study aimed to identify and analyze the impact of official working hours on job satisfaction among women and to determine their levels of satisfaction at the Tripoli International Telecommunications Company, and to present a set of results and recommendations that serve the subject of the study. The researchers relied on what previous studies and research that were concerned with this field addressed. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted in reaching the study results, and the questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data and information. The study population consisted of 75 individuals, and a purposive random sample of 43 individuals was selected, representing female employees of the Tripoli International Telecommunications Company, covering all job levels. The data, which was analyzed using the SPSS statistical analysis program, revealed a statistically significant relationship between official working hours and job satisfactio among women. One of the most prominent findings was that the company applies the official working hours mechanism to both genders without discrimination. The length of working hours for women is objected to by most working women, and one of the most important recommendations is to reduce the official working hours forwomen in consideration of their physiological condition. The researchers also recommended reducing working hours for women and taking into account the large number of professional and family tasks they have
Official working hours adherence by working women, lack of mental and psychological presence among working women, frequent daily leave and permissions, job satisfaction
Assessment of Anti-bacterial Activity of (E)-2-(Naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl) Malononitrile Against Pathogens Bacteria.
(E)-2-(naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl) malononitrile (NDMN) was synthesized via a diazotization–coupling reaction and evaluated for its antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. The compound showed strong, concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with significantly higher efficacy against MRSA than E. coli, as confirmed by disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays. These results suggest that NDMN is a promising synthetic antimicrobial agent, particularly against Gram-positive resistant bacteria, and merits further biological and toxicity investigations.
Azo compounds; Malononitrile; Antibacterial activity; MRSA, Escherichia coli.
Fourier Transforms and Their Use in Electrical Circuit Analysis
This paper investigates Fourier series and Fourier transforms as fundamental tools for electrical circuit analysis with an emphasis on bridging mathematical theory and practical applications. An analytical applied approach is adopted in which periodic and non-periodic signals are represented in the frequency domain to facilitate the analysis of circuit responses to various voltage and current excitations. The study presents the mathematical foundations of Fourier series and Fourier transforms, followed by the frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits and an examination of key phenomena associated with spectral analysis. To enhance practical insight, Mathcad was employed to generate graphical representations of the signals corresponding to each series and to demonstrate the effect of the number of harmonics on waveform reconstruction accuracy. The results demonstrate that Fourier based analysis, when supported by graphical visualization offers a clearer and more efficient interpretation of circuit behavior compared with conventional time-domain methods. Moreover, this approach provides a comprehensive framework for the design and analysis of electronic circuits, electrical filters, communication systems, and signal processing applications.
Fourier Transform، Electrical Circuits Analysis، RLC Circuits، Signal Representation، Mathcad.
Antibacterial Efficacy of Zingiber officinale and Syzygium aromaticum Extracts Against Clinically Isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: A Comparative Study with Standard Antibiotics
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens necessitates exploration of alternative therapeutics. This study evaluated the antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts from Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) flower buds against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and Escherichia coli (including ESBL-producing strains) using standardized microbiological assays. Disk diffusion results demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with clove extract (5% w/v) exhibiting the highest efficacy against S. aureus (21.67±2.89 mm inhibition zone), followed by ginger extract (15.00±4.36 mm at 10% w/v). Against E. coli, clove flowers showed moderate activity (20.00±5.00 mm), while ginger displayed limited effect (3.33±1.53 mm at 10% w/v). Broth microdilution assays revealed MIC values of 25-100 μg/mL and MBC values of 0.15-0.73 μg/mL. Comparative analysis with standard antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin) indicated that while streptomycin remained most effective (30.67±2.08 mm), plant extracts demonstrated comparable activity to ampicillin against Gram-positive pathogens. These findings substantiate the potential of ginger and clove extracts as complementary antimicrobial agents, particularly against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, while showing the need for further investigation of their mechanisms and potential synergies with conventional antibiotics.
Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial resistance, Phytochemicals, MRSA, ESBL, Natural products
The Importance of Teaching Reading Comprehension Among Learner of English as a foreign language(EFL)
This paper discusses the development of teaching reading comprehension for learners of English as a foreign or second language. Reading comprehension requires more than recognizing individual words; it involves connecting ideas across words, sentences, and larger textual units, as well as understanding the writer’s message. Reading is a fundamental skill in English language learning, as it enables students not only to decode written language but also to extract meaning and information from texts. The paper presents different views on reading comprehension, the major tasks involved in teaching reading, and the activities used in classroom instruction. Additionally, several effective strategies that can improve learners’ reading abilities are reviewed, along with the main approaches used in teaching reading.
reading comprehension, reading skills, second language learning, teaching reading.
The Impact of Energy-Intensive Industries on the Carbon Emissions : A Review
Industrial de-carbonization is becoming a crucial part of climate mitigation initiatives due to the global shift to a low-carbon economy. Global warming is largely caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, primarily carbon dioxide (CO₂), which are produced by industrial sectors such as steel, cement, and petrochemicals. The emission profiles and decarburization paths of major industrial sectors are reviewed in this study, which also evaluates present effects and potential mitigation techniques. Although clinker manufacturing and combustion processes pose a problem to the cement industry, which accounts for around 8% of worldwide CO₂ emissions, the sector is working to reduce emissions through the use of carbon capture technology, energy efficiency, and supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs). In addition, the steel sector, which contributes between 7 and 9% of the world's CO2 emissions, is investigating switching from conventional blast furnaces to renewable energy-powered electric arc furnaces (EAFs), although obstacles like infrastructure and technical scalability still exist. Furthermore, despite technical breakthroughs, emissions from the petrochemical sector—particularly from plastics and fertilizers continue to rise. Promising emission reductions are provided by circular economy activities, such as chemical and mechanical recycling, as well as bio-based feedstocks. The article assesses the significance of key technologies, including electrification, energy efficiency enhancements, integration of renewable energy, carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS), and material substitution through circular economy practices, in accelerating industrial de-carbonization. Despite the great promise of these breakthroughs, high capital costs, unclear policies, inadequate infrastructure, and inconsistent technological maturity prevent their widespread adoption. In order to encourage low carbon transitions, policy and regulatory frameworks such as international climate agreements, government subsidies, and emissions pricing are crucial. Finally, achieving net-zero emissions and meeting climate objectives by the middle of the century will require a multifaceted strategy that incorporates technical innovation, regulatory assistance, and systemic industry reform.
Carbon, industry, decarburization, greenhouse gas.